1	The American Civil War The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a war between the United States of America and the of the newly-formed Confederate States of America. Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war with 40% of them in Virginia and Tennessee. More than 3 million soldiers fought in the conflict in which 625 thousand died.
2	The American Civil War Highlights Causes Timeline Leaders Battles Soldier’s Life African Americans Ironclads Forts
3	Highlights Duration: April 12, 1861-April 9, 1865 States Union = 23 Confederate = 11 Border = 5 Battlefield Victories Union = 45 Confederate = 40 Strength Union = 2,200,000 Confederate = 1,064,000 Casualties Union = 365,000 dead & 281,881 wounded Confederate = 260,000 dead & 137,000+ wounded Results Restoration & strengthening of the Union Slavery was ended & 4 million black slaves were freed
4	Largest Battles Seven Days 186,651 men Fredericksburg 178,504 Chancellorsville 177,500 Cold Harbor 167,000 Wilderness 162,920 Gettysburg 158,343 Spotsylvania 133,000 Chickamauga 124,458 Antietam 115,316 Second Bull Run 110,527
5	Casualties More deaths occurred in the Civil War than any other war Civil War = 625,000 (Union = 365,000 & Confederate = 260,000) World War II = 405,399 World War I = 116,516 Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South. Casualties include killed, wounded, captured and missing.
6	Costliest Land Battles
7	The American Civil War Highlights Causes Timeline Leaders Battles Soldier’s Life African Americans Ironclads Forts
8	Cotton and Slavery
9	The Evil Institution
10	Abolitionists
11	Federal vs. States Rights Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the federal government’s laws have supremacy over any conflicting laws adopted by state governments. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions which said that the Federal Union is a voluntary association of states and if the central government goes too far, each state has the right to nullify that law. Supporters of slavery argued that one of the rights of the states was the protection of slave property wherever it went.
12	Federal vs. States Rights The Supreme Court decision of 1857 in Dred Scott v. Sandford added to the controversy. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney's decision said that slaves were "so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect", and that slaves could be taken to free states and territories. The Texas Declaration of Causes for Secession said that the non-slave-holding states were "proclaiming the debasing doctrine of equality of all men, irrespective of race or color", and that the African race "were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race".
13	Trade and Tariffs The agricultural and export-oriented South imported most of its manufactured needs from Europe or obtained them from the North and was very dependent upon trade and wanted no tariffs. The North had a growing domestic industrial economy that viewed foreign trade as competition and wanted high tariffs. Congress passed protective tariffs in 1828 to benefit trade in the northern states, but were detrimental to the South. South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun expressed the South’s opposition in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest which he wrote in response to the "Tariff of Abominations". South Carolina's Nullification Ordinance declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. This ordinance led to the Nullification Crisis. President Andrew Jackson's issued a proclamation against South Carolina and sent a naval flotilla and threatened sending Federal troops to enforce the tariffs.
14	Economic and Population Comparison
15	Cultural Differences
16	The American Civil War Highlights Causes Timeline Leaders Battles Soldier’s Life African Americans Ironclads Forts
17	Time Line
18	Significant Battles in 1861 April 12 - The Civil War begins when Confederate forces open fire on Fort Sumter July 21 - Confederate forces under P. G. T. Beauregard defeat Union forces under Irvin McDowell at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas). August 10 – The Battle of Wilson's Creek is the first major battle in the Western Theater. Confederate troops under Gen. Sterling Price defeat Union troops lead by Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, the first General killed in the war.
19	Significant Battles in 1862 February 16 - Fort Donelson is captured by Ulysses S. Grant under terms of "Unconditional Surrender." March 7-8 - The Battle of Pea Ridge preserves Missouri for the Union. March 8-9 - At the Battle of Hampton Roads, the CSS Virginia battles the USS Monitor to a draw in the first ironclad naval engagement. April 6-7 – There are 24,000 casualties in the two-day battle at Shiloh. August 28-30 - Outnumbered Confederate troops defeat Union forces at the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas). September 17 - The bloodiest day in U.S. military history occurs at Antietam when Gen. Robert E. Lee's advancing Confederates are stopped by Gen. George McClellan's Union forces at a cost of over 25,000 casualties. December 13 - Union forces under Gen. Ambrose Burnside are defeated at Fredericksburg by Lee's Confederate troops. Lee's forces inflict 10,000 casualties from defensive positions on Marye's Heights but lose 5,000 men.
20	Significant Battles in 1863 January 2- After three days of fighting, the Battle of Stones River ends in a draw. May 4 – Gen. Robert E. Lee defeats Union forces under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville and forces Hooker to retreat to the north bank of the Rappahannock. The Confederacy's joy turns to sorrow when Stonewall Jackson is mortally wounded. July 1-3 - The Confederate forces are defeated by George Meade's Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg as Lee's army is repulsed in its second invasion of the North. July 4 - The six week siege of Vicksburg ends with the surrender of the Confederate garrison to U. S. Grant. July 18 – Col. Robert G. Shaw's 54th Massachusetts Colored Troops leads the assault on Fort Wagner. September 18-20 – The battle of Chickamauga ends with the Union troops under siege in Chattanooga, TN. November 23-25 - The siege of Chattanooga ends in a Union victory.
21	Significant Battles in 1864 May 5-7 - Although the Battle of the Wilderness was a tactical draw, Ulysses S. Grant continued his pursuit of Lee. May 8-21 - Grant’s and Meade’s advance on Richmond was stalled by Lee at Spotsylvania Court House in a ferocious two-week battle. June 3-12 - At Cold Harbor the Union army losses 7,000 men in the first hour. August 2-23 - A combined Union force led by Adm. David G. Farragut and Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger defeated Confederate troops at Fort Morgan, Fort Gaines Garrison, and Fort Powell and closed Mobile Bay to blockade running. September 2 – Atlanta surrenders to Gen. William T. Sherman. December 15-16 - John Bell Hood's Army of Tennessee is defeated by Union forces under George H. Thomas at Nashville.
22	Significant Battles in 1865 April 2 - The Confederate line is broken at Petersburg and Gen. Lee's troops are forced to abandon Petersburg and Richmond. April 9 - Robert E. Lee agrees to an unconditional surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.
23	The American Civil War
24	Union Leaders
25	Union Generals [1]
26	Union Generals [2]
27	Union Generals [3]
28	Confederate Leaders
29	Confederate Generals [1]
30	Confederate Generals [2]
31	Confederate Generals [3]
32	The American Civil War
33	Fort Sumter, SC – April 12, 1861 [1]
34	Fort Sumter, SC – April 1861 [2]
35	Fort Sumter, SC – April 1861 [3]
36	Bull Run I, VA – July 21, 1861 [1]
37	Bull Run I, VA – July 21, 1861 [2]
38	Bull Run I, VA – July 21, 1861 [3]
39	Wilson’s Creek, MO – August 10, 1861 [1]
40	Wilson’s Creek, MO – August 10, 1861 [2]
41	Ft. Donelson, TN – February 15, 1862 [1]
42	Ft. Donelson, TN – February 15, 1862 [2]
43	Pea Ridge, AK - March 7-8, 1862 [1]
44	Pea Ridge, AK - March 7-8, 1862 [2]
45	Hampton Roads, VA – March 8-9, 1862 [1]
46	Hampton Roads, VA – March 8-9, 1862 [2]
47	Shiloh, TN - April 6-7 [1]
48	Shiloh, TN - April 6-7 [2]
49	Bull Run, VA II– August 28-30, 1862 [1]
50	Bull Run, VA II– August 28-30, 1862 [2]
51	Antietam, MD – September 17, 1862 [1]
52	Antietam, MD – September 17, 1862 [2]
53	Fredericksburg, VA - December 13 [1]
54	Fredericksburg, VA - December 13 [2]
55	Stones River, TN – January 2, 1863 [1]
56	Stones River, TN – January 2, 1863 [2]
57	Chancellorsville, VA – May 4, 1863 [1]
58	Chancellorsville, VA – May 4, 1863 [2]
59	Gettysburg, PA – July 1-3, 1863 [1]
60	Gettysburg, PA – July 1-3, 1863 [2]
61	Gettysburg, PA – July 1-3, 1863 [3]
62	Vicksburg, MS – July 4, 1863 [1]
63	Vicksburg, MS – July 4, 1863 [2]
64	Vicksburg, MS – July 4, 1863 [3]
65	Vicksburg, MS – July 4, 1863 [4]
66	Chickamauga, GA – September 18-20, 1863 [1]
67	Chickamauga, GA – September 18-20, 1863 [2]
68	Chickamauga, GA – September 18-20, 1863 [2]
69	Chattanooga, TN – November 23-25, 1863 [1]
70	Chattanooga, TN – November 23-25, 1863 [2]
71	The Wilderness, VA – May 5-7, 1864 [1]
72	The Wilderness, VA – May 5-7, 1864 [2]
73	The Wilderness, VA – May 5-7, 1864 [3]
74	Spotsylvania Court House, VA – May 8-12, 1864 [1]
75	Spotsylvania Court House, VA – May 8-12, 1864 [2]
76	Cold Harbor, VA - June 3-12,1864 [1]
77	Cold Harbor, VA - June 3-12,1864 [2]
78	Mobile Bay, AL - August 2-23, 1864 [1]
79	Mobile Bay, AL - August 2-23, 1864 [2]
80	Atlanta Campaign – May 7-September 2, 1864 [1]
81	Atlanta Campaign – May 7-September 2, 1864 [1]
82	Nashville, TN - December 15-16, 1864
83	The Siege of Petersburg, VA – June 15, 1864 – March 25, 1865 [1]
84	The Siege of Petersburg, VA – June 15, 1864 – March 25, 1865 [2]
85	The Siege of Petersburg, VA – June 15, 1864 – March 25, 1865 [3]
86	Appomattox Court House, VA – April 9, 1865 [1]
87	Appomattox Court House, VA – April 9, 1865 [2]
88	The American Civil War
89	Daily Union Rations Per person Three quarters of a pound of pork or bacon, or one and one-quarter pounds of fresh or salt pork Eighteen ounces of flour or bread or 12 ounces of hardtack One and one-quarter pounds of corn meal Per 100 man company Eight quarts of peas or beans, or 10 pounds of rice Six to ten pounds of coffee or one and one-half pounds of tea Twelve to fifteen pounds of sugar Two quarts of salt
90	Soldier’s Quarters
91	Soldiers in the Field
92	Uniforms
93	Boys in the Union Army
94	Military Unit Size
95	Favorite Pastimes Baseball Football Boxing Horse Racing Snowball Fights Bowling
96	Mail Call
97	Artillery Battery
98	Dedication of Gettysburg National Cemetery
99	Popular Items Traded Between the Lines Newspapers Coffee Tobacco Peanuts Whiskey
100	Prisoner of War Camps
101	Prisoner of War Camps
102	Cemeteries [1]
103	Cemeteries [2]
104	Cemeteries [3]
105	The American Civil War
106	Assault on Battery Wagner – July 18, 1863
107	African American Soldiers
108	A High Price to Pay
109	The American Civil War
110	U.S.S. Cairo [1]
111	U.S.S. Cairo [2]
112	C.S.S. Neuse [1]
113	C.S.S. Neuse [2]
114	C.S.S. Neuse Replica [1]
115	The American Civil War
116	Fort Macon
117	Fort Fisher, NC
118	Fort Morgan, AL
119	Fort Pulaski, GA
120	Fort Gaines, AL
121	Fort Blakely, AL
122	Fort Harrison, VA
123	Fort Sumter, SC
124	For More Information Civil War Journeys – Our web page is a good place to continue your education The History Place - The U.S. Civil War 1861-1865 Civil War Times – Monthly publication on the war Map Machine Civil War Machine - National Geographic The Civil War - Copies of Harper's Weekly newspaper American Civil War – Wikipedia Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign - Heritage Preservation Services National Park Service – Links to all of the National Parks Civil War Preservation Trust – Learn about efforts to save Civil War sites Images of the Civil War - Ken Burns – PBS Civil War Stereographs - Enter "stereographs+civil war" in the search field - Library of Congress